Invariant mass distribution for selected $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ candidates. The results of a fit to the model described in the text is superimposed on a logarithmic scale. The solid line corresponds to the total fitted PDF whilst the dotted line corresponds to the background component.

Invariant mass distributions for selected a) $ D ^0$ , b) $ D ^+$ , c) $ D ^+_ s $ and d) $\Lambda _ c ^+$ candidates. The solid line corresponds to the total fitted PDF whilst the dotted line shows the background component.

a) Background subtracted distribution of $\log_{10}\chi^2_{\mathrm{global}}/\mathrm{ndf}$ for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^0$ events. The solid line corresponds to the fit result in the region $\chi^2_{\mathrm{global}}/\mathrm{ndf}>5$ by the function described in the text, the dashed line corresponds to the extrapolation of the fit results to the $\chi^2_{\mathrm{global}}/\mathrm{ndf}<5$ region. b) Likewise for $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ (blue squares and red line) and $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ (black circles and green line).

Invariant mass distributions for a) $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^0$ , b) $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+$ , c) $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+_{\mathrm{s}}$ and d) $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\Lambda^+_{\mathrm{c}}$ candidates.

Invariant mass distributions for $ D ^0 {}\mathrm{C}$ candidates: a) $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ , b) $ D ^0 {} D ^+ $ , c) $ D ^0 {} D ^+_ s $ and d) $ D ^0 {}\Lambda _ c ^+ $ .

Invariant mass distributions for $ D ^+ {}\mathrm{C}$ candidates: a) $ D ^+ {} D ^+ $ , b) $ D ^+ {} D ^+_ s $ , and c) $ D ^+ {}\Lambda _ c ^+ $ .

Invariant mass distributions for $ D ^0 {}\bar{\mathrm{C}}$ candidates: a) $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , b) $ D ^0 {} D ^- $ , c) $ D ^0 {} D ^-_ s $ and d) $ D ^0 {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ .

Invariant mass distributions for $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ candidates: a) $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ , b) $ D ^+ {} D ^-_ s $ and c) $ D ^+ {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ .

Measured cross-sections $\sigma_{ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C} }$, $\sigma_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C} }$ and $\sigma_{\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}} }$ (points with error bars) compared, in $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ channels, to the calculations in Refs. [14,15] (hatched areas) and Ref. [18] (shaded areas). The inner error bars indicate the statistical uncertainty whilst the outer error bars indicate the sum of the statistical and systematic uncertainties in quadrature. Charge-conjugate modes are included.

Measured ratios $\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{C}_1\mathrm{C}_2}$ (points with error bars) in comparison with the expectations from DPS using the cross-section measured at Tevatron for multi-jet events (light green shaded area). The inner error bars indicate the statistical uncertainty whilst the outer error bars indicate the sum of the statistical and systematic uncertainties in quadrature. For the $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ case the outermost error bars correspond to the total uncertainties including the uncertainties due to the unknown polarization of the prompt $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ mesons.

a) Transverse momentum spectra of $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ and prompt $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ events. b) Transverse momentum spectra for open charm hadrons for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ and prompt $ D ^0$ , $ D ^+$ and $ D ^+_ s $ events.

Transverse momentum spectra of charm hadrons from $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ : a) $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^+ $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^+_ s $ and b) $ D ^+ {} D ^+ $ and $ D ^+ {} D ^+_ s $ .

Transverse momentum spectra of charm hadrons from $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ : a) $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^- $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^0 {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ ; b) $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ , $ D ^+ {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^+ {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ .

Slope parameters of the transverse momentum spectra for prompt charm particles [1] and charm particles from $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ , $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ and $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ production.

Distributions of the difference in azimuthal angle (a) and rapidity (b) for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^0$ , $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+$ and $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+_{\mathrm{s}}$ events. The dashed line shows the expected distribution for uncorrelated events.

Distributions of the difference in azimuthal angle (a) and rapidity (b) for $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ and $ D ^0 {} D ^+ $ events. The dashed line shows the expected distribution for uncorrelated events.

Distributions of the difference in azimuthal angle for $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ events: a) $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^- $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^0 {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ ; b) $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ , $ D ^+ {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^+ {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ .

Distributions of the difference in rapidity for $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ events: a) $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^- $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^0 {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ ; b) $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ , $ D ^+ {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^+ {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ . The dashed line shows the expected distribution for uncorrelated events.

a) Invariant mass spectra for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^0$ , $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+$ and $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {} D ^+_{\mathrm{s}}$ events. b) Invariant mass spectra for $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ and $ D ^0 {} D ^+ $ events.

Invariant mass spectra for $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ events: a) $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^- $ , $ D ^0 {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^0 {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ ; b) $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ , $ D ^+ {} D ^-_ s $ and $ D ^+ {}\bar \Lambda _ c ^- $ .

Animated gif made out of all figures.

Estimates for the production cross-sections of the $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ modes in the LHCb fiducial range given by the leading order $\mathrm{gg}\rightarrow { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} \mathrm{c}\bar{\mathrm{c}}$ matrix element, $\sigma^{\mathrm{gg}}$ [14,15,18], the double parton scattering approach, $\sigma^{\mathrm{DPS}}$ and the sea charm quarks from the interacting protons, $\sigma^{\mathrm{sea}}$.

Selection criteria for charged particles used for the reconstruction of charm hadrons.

Criteria used for the selection of charm hadrons.

Yields, $S$, and contamination from $b$-hadron decays, $f_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{MC}}$, for the prompt charm signal.

Yields of $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ events, $S$, statistical significance of the signals, $S_{\sigma}$, determined from fits based on the technique described in Ref. [13], and goodness-of-fit characteristic ($\chi^2$ probability), $P$. When no significance is quoted, it is in excess of $8\sigma$.

Yields of $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ events, $S$, statistical significance of the signals, $S_{\sigma}$, determined from fits based on the technique, described in Ref. [13], and goodness-of-fit characteristic, $P$. When no significance is quoted, it is in excess of $8\sigma$.

Relative systematic uncertainties ($\%$) for the $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ cross-sections.

Relative systematic uncertainties ($\%$) for the $ D ^0 \mathrm{C}$ cross-sections. The uncertainties for $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ are equal.

Relative systematic uncertainties ($\%$) for the $ D ^+ \mathrm{C}$ cross-sections. The uncertainties for the $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ are equal.

Production cross-sections for $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ . The first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic.

Ratios of $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ production cross-section to prompt $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ cross-section and prompt open charm cross-section, and ratios of the product of prompt $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ and open charm cross-sections to the $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ cross-section. The first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the unknown polarization of the prompt $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu}$ [2].

Production cross-sections for $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ , ratios of the $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ cross-sections and ratios of the product of prompt open charm cross-sections to the $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ ( $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ ) cross-sections. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The symmetry factor 2 is explicitly indicated for the $ D ^0 {} D ^0 $ , $ D ^0 {}\overline{ D } ^0 $ , $ D ^+ {} D ^+ $ and $ D ^+ {} D ^- $ ratios.

Slope parameters of the transverse momentum spectra in the $ { J \mskip -3mu/\mskip -2mu\psi \mskip 2mu} {}\mathrm{C}$ mode and for prompt charm particles. These parameters are determined from fits to the spectra in the region $3<p^{\mathrm{T}}<12 \mathrm{GeV}/c$.

Slope parameters of transverse momentum spectra for the $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{C}\overline{\mathrm{C}}$ modes.