The results of an amplitude analysis of the charmless three-body decay $B^+ \rightarrow \pi^+\pi^+\pi^-$, in which $C P$-violation effects are taken into account, are reported. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3 \text{fb}^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions recorded with the LHCb detector. The most challenging aspect of the analysis is the description of the behaviour of the $\pi^+ \pi^-$ S-wave contribution, which is achieved by using three complementary approaches based on the isobar model, the K-matrix formalism, and a quasi-model-independent procedure. Additional resonant contributions for all three methods are described using a common isobar model, and include the $\rho(770)^0$, $\omega(782)$ and $\rho(1450)^0$ resonances in the $\pi^+\pi^-$ P-wave, the $f_2(1270)$ resonance in the $\pi^+\pi^-$ D-wave, and the $\rho_3(1690)^0$ resonance in the $\pi^+\pi^-$ F-wave. Significant $C P$-violation effects are observed in both S- and D-waves, as well as in the interference between the S- and P-waves. The results from all three approaches agree and provide new insight into the dynamics and the origin of $C P$-violation effects in $B^+ \rightarrow \pi^+\pi^+\pi^-$ decays.
Invariant-mass fit model for (a) $ B ^- $ and (b) $ B ^+ $ candidates reconstructed in the $\pi ^\mp$ $\pi ^+$ $\pi ^-$ final state for the combined 2011 and 2012 data taking samples. Points with error bars represent the data while the components comprising the model are listed in the plot legend. |
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Conventional Dalitz-plot distributions for (a) $ B ^+ $ and (b) $ B ^- $ , and square Dalitz-plot (defined in Section 5.1.1) distributions for (c) $ B ^+ $ and (d) $ B ^- $ candidate decays to $\pi ^\pm \pi ^+ \pi ^- $. Depleted regions are due to the $\overline{ D } {}^0$ veto. |
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Square Dalitz-plot distributions for the (left) $ B ^+ $ and (right) $ B ^- $ signal efficiency models, smoothed using a two-dimensional cubic spline. Depleted regions are due to the $\overline{ D } {}^0$ veto. |
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Square Dalitz-plot distributions for the (left) $ B ^+ $ and (right) $ B ^- $ combinatorial background models, scaled to represent their respective yields in the signal region. |
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Square Dalitz-plot distribution for the misidentified $ B ^+ \rightarrow K ^+ \pi ^+ \pi ^- $ background model, scaled to represent its yield in the signal region. |
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Fit projections of each model (a) in the low $m_{\rm low}$ region and (b) in the full range of $m_{\rm high}$, with the corresponding asymmetries shown beneath in (c) and (d). The normalised residual or pull distribution, defined as the difference between the bin value less the fit value over the uncertainty on the number of events in that bin, is shown below each fit projection. |
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Fit projections of each model on $m_{\rm low}$ (a) in the region below the $\rho(770)^0$ resonance and (b) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region, with the corresponding asymmetries shown beneath in (c) and (d). The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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Fit projections of each model on $m_{\rm low}$ (a) in the region around the $f_2(1270)$ resonance and (b) in the high $m_{\rm high}$ region, with the corresponding asymmetries shown beneath in (c) and (d). The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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Fit projections of each model on $\cos \theta_{\rm hel}$ (a) in the region around the $\rho(770)^0$ resonance and (b) in the $f_2(1270)$ region, with the corresponding asymmetries shown beneath in (c) and (d). The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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Fit projections of each model on $\cos \theta_{\rm hel}$ in the regions (a) below and (b) above the $\rho(770)^0$ resonance pole, with the corresponding asymmetries shown beneath in (c) and (d). The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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Fit projections of each model (a) on $\cos \theta_{\rm hel}$ in the $\rho_3(1690)$ region, with (b) the corresponding asymmetry shown beneath. The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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Raw difference in the number of $ B ^- $ and $ B ^+ $ candidates in the low $m_{\rm low}$ region, for (a) positive, and (b) negative cosine of the helicity angle. The pull distribution is shown below each fit projection. |
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The (top) isobar, (middle) K-matrix and (bottom) QMI S-wave results where (a), (c) and (e) show the magnitude squared while (b), (d) and (f) show the phase motion. Discontinuities in the phase motion are due to presentation in the range $[-180^\circ,180^\circ]$. Red curves indicate $ B ^+ $ while blue curves represent $ B ^- $ decays, with the statistical and total uncertainties bounded by the dark and light bands, respectively (incorporating only the dominant systematic uncertainties). Note that the overall scale of the squared magnitude contains no physical meaning, but is simply a manifestation of the different scale factors and conventions adopted by each of the three amplitude analysis approaches. |
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Comparison of results for the $ C P$ -averaged S-wave obtained in the three different approaches, where (a) shows the magnitude squared while (b) shows the phase motion. Discontinuities in the phase motion are due to presentation in the range $[-180^\circ,180^\circ]$. The blue curve indicates the isobar S-wave, the amber curve indicates the K-matrix S-wave, and the green points with error bars represent the QMI S-wave. The band or error bars in each case represent the total uncertainty, incorporating the dominant systematic uncertainties. As the integral of the $|A|^2$ plot in each approach is proportional to its respective S-wave fit fraction, the overall scale of the K-matrix and QMI plots are set relative to the isobar S-wave fit fraction in order to facilitate comparison between the three approaches. |
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Data and fit model projections in the $f_2(1270)$ region with (a) freely varied $f_2(1270)$ resonance parameters, and (b) with an additional spin-$2$ component with mass and width parameters determined by the fit. |
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Central values (points) and statistical $68\%$ Gaussian confidence regions (ellipses) for the complex coefficients associated with the $f_2(1270)$ resonance under various systematic assumptions for the $ B ^+ $ (solid) and $ B ^- $ (dashed) decay amplitude models. The nominal result and statistical uncertainty is given in black, while the results of the dominant systematic variations to the nominal model (per Section 6) are given by the coloured ellipses, as noted in the legend, for each of the (a) isobar, (b) K-matrix and (c) QMI S-wave approaches. The model specific systematic uncertainties are discussed in Sec. 6. |
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Signed $\chi^2$ distributions indicating the agreement between the isobar model fit and the data for (a) $ B ^+ $ and (b) $ B ^- $ decays. |
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Signed $\chi^2$ distributions indicating the agreement between the K-matrix model fit and the data for (a) $ B ^+ $ and (b) $ B ^- $ decays. |
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The K-matrix S-wave projections for the secondary solution, where (a) shows the magnitude-squared while (b) shows the phase motion. The red curve indicates $ B ^+ $ , while the blue curve represents $ B ^- $ decays. The light bands represent the $68\%$ confidence interval around the central values, including statistical uncertainties only. |
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Signed $\chi^2$ distributions indicating the agreement between the QMI model fit and the data for (a) $ B ^+ $ and (b) $ B ^- $ decays. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm low}$ of the result with the isobar S-wave model (a) in the low $m_{\rm low}$ region, (b) below the $\rho(770)^0$ region, (c) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region, and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick blue curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 23. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm high}$ of the result with the isobar S-wave model (a) in the full $m_{\rm high}$ range, (b) in the high $m_{\rm high}$ region, and on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ (c) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick blue curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 23. |
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Fit projections on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ of the result with the isobar S-wave model in the region (a) below and (b) above the $\rho(770)^0$ mass, and (c) in the $\rho_3(1690)^0$ region. The thick blue curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm low}$ of the result with the K-matrix S-wave model (a) in the low $m_{\rm low}$ region, (b) below the $\rho(770)^0$ region, (c) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region, and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick amber curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 26. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm high}$ of the result with the K-matrix S-wave model (a) in the full $m_{\rm high}$ range, (b) in the high $m_{\rm high}$ region, and on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ (c) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region), and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick amber curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 26. |
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Fit projections on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ of the result with the K-matrix S-wave model in the region (a) below and (b) above the $\rho(770)^0$ mass, and (c) in the $\rho_3(1690)^0$ region. The thick amber curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm low}$ of the result with the QMI S-wave model (a) in the low $m_{\rm low}$ region, (b) below the $\rho(770)^0$ region, (c) in the $\rho(770)^0$ region, and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick dark-green curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 29. |
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Fit projections on $m_{\rm high}$ of the result with the QMI S-wave model (a) in the full $m_{\rm high}$ range, (b) in the high $m_{\rm high}$ region, and on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ in (c) the $\rho(770)^0$ region, and (d) in the $f_2(1270)$ region. The thick dark-green curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend in Fig. 29. |
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Fit projections on $\cos\theta_{\rm hel}$ of the result with the QMI S-wave model in the region (a) below and (b) above the $\rho(770)^0$ mass, and (c) in the $\rho_3(1690)^0$ region. The thick dark-green curve represents the total model, and the coloured curves represent the contributions of individual model components (not including interference effects), as per the legend. |
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Animated gif made out of all figures. |
PAPER-2019-017.gif Thumbnail |
Component yields and phase-space-integrated raw detection asymmetries in the $ B ^+ $ signal region, calculated from the results of the invariant-mass fit. The uncertainties include both statistical and systematic effects. |
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K-matrix parameters quoted in Ref. [77], which are obtained from a global analysis of $\pi\pi$ scattering data [74]. Only $f_{1v}$ parameters are listed here, since only the dipion final state is relevant to the analysis. Masses $m_\alpha$ and couplings $g_u^{\alpha}$ are given in $ \text{ Ge V} $, while units of $ \text{ Ge V} ^2$ for $s$-related quantities are implied; $s^{\rm{prod}}_0$ is taken from Ref. [76]. |
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Non-S-wave resonances and their default lineshapes as identified by the model selection procedure. These are common to all S-wave approaches. |
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Systematic uncertainties on the $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the isobar method. Uncertainties are given both for the total S-wave, and for the individual components due to the $\sigma$ pole and the rescattering amplitude. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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Systematic uncertainties on ${\cal A}_{ C P }$ values, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the isobar method. Uncertainties are given both for the total S-wave, and for the individual components due to the $\sigma$ pole and the rescattering amplitude. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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Systematic uncertainties on the $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the K-matrix method. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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Systematic uncertainties on ${\cal A}_{ C P }$ values, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the K-matrix method. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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Systematic uncertainties on the $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the QMI method. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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Systematic uncertainties on ${\cal A}_{ C P }$ values, given in units of $10^{-2}$, for the QMI method. For comparison, the statistical uncertainties are also listed at the bottom. |
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The $ C P$ -separated sum of fit fractions in units of $10^{-2}$, for each approach, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second the experimental systematic and the third is the model systematic. |
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The $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions in units of $10^{-2}$, for each approach, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second the experimental systematic and the third is the model systematic. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^+ $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the isobar approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^- $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the isobar approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^+ $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the K-matrix approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^- $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the K-matrix approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^+ $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the QMI approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Fit (diagonal) and interference (off-diagonal) fractions for $ B ^- $ decay in units of $10^{-2}$, between amplitude components in the QMI approach. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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Quasi-two-body $ C P$ asymmetries in units of $10^{-2}$, for each approach. The first uncertainty is statistical, the second the experimental systematic and the third is the model systematic. |
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QMI S-wave fit results where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second the quadratic sum of systematic and model sources. |
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The obtained $\rho(770)^0$ mass and width parameters, for each approach, where the uncertainty is statistical. |
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Cartesian coefficients, $c_j$, for the components of the isobar model fit. |
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Fitted values of the pole parameters in the isobar model fit. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the isobar model $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions. |
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Systematic correlation matrix for the isobar model $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the isobar model quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Systematic correlation matrix for the isobar model quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Cartesian coefficients, $c_j$, for the components of the K-matrix model fit. For the K-matrix model, the $\beta_{\alpha}$ and $f^{\rm prod}_{v}$ parameters describe the relative contributions of the production pole $\alpha$ and production slowly varying part corresponding to channel $v$, respectively. In the absence of $ C P$ violation, $\delta x = \delta y = 0$. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the K-matrix $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions. |
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Systematic correlation matrix for the K-matrix $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the K-matrix quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Systematic correlation matrix for the K-matrix quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Isobar coefficients, $c_j$, for the components of the second solution of the K-matrix model fit, where uncertainties are statistical only. For the K-matrix model, the $\beta_{\alpha}$ and $f^{\rm prod}_{v}$ parameters describe the relative contributions of the production pole $\alpha$ and production slowly varying part corresponding to channel $v$, respectively. In the absence of $ C P$ violation, $\delta x = \delta y = 0$. |
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Cartesian coefficients obtained with the QMI model. Only the statistical uncertainties are shown as some systematic variations change the overall scale of various lineshapes at this level. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the QMI $ C P$ -averaged fit fractions. |
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Correlation matrix corresponding to the quadratic sum of systematic and model uncertainties for the QMI fit $ C P$ -averaged fractions. |
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Statistical correlation matrix for the QMI quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Correlation matrix corresponding to the quadratic sum of systematic and model uncertainties for the QMI quasi-two-body decay $ C P$ asymmetries. |
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Results with S-wave model variation included as a source of systematic uncertainty. The first uncertainty is statistical, the second is experimental systematic and the third is the adjusted model systematic uncertainty. |
Table_38.pdf [61 KiB] HiDef png [55 KiB] Thumbnail [27 KiB] tex code |
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Phase comparison in degrees for (top) $ B ^+ $ and (bottom) $ B ^- $ between the three S-wave approaches where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third from the model. Note that the phase of the $\rho(770)^0$ component of the $\rho$--$\omega$ lineshape is fixed to zero as it is selected to be the reference contribution. |
Table_39.pdf [53 KiB] HiDef png [83 KiB] Thumbnail [45 KiB] tex code |
Supplementary material full pdf |
supple[..].pdf [38 KiB] |
Created on 27 April 2024.