Annex A [gram] (informative)Grammar summary

[gram.key]	A.1 Keywords
[gram.lex]	A.2 Lexical conventions
[gram.basic]	A.3 Basic concepts
[gram.expr]	A.4 Expressions
[gram.stmt.stmt]	A.5 Statements
[gram.dcl.dcl]	A.6 Declarations
[gram.dcl.decl]	A.7 Declarators
[gram.class]	A.8 Classes
[gram.class.derived]	A.9 Derived classes
[gram.special]	A.10 Special member functions
[gram.over]	A.11 Overloading
[gram.temp]	A.12 Templates
[gram.except]	A.13 Exception handling
[gram.cpp]	A.14 Preprocessing directives

Tokens

IDENTIFIER
INTEGER_LITERAL
CHARACTER_LITERAL
FLOATING_LITERAL
STRING_LITERAL
BOOLEAN_LITERAL
HEADER_NAME
PP_NUMBER	a interger or float literal (2.9)
PP_NEWLINE	\n
LANGLE	<
RANGLE	>
LPAREN	(
RPAREN	)
ELIPSIS	...
COMMA	,
LBRACK	[ or <:
RBRACK	] or :>
LBRACE	{ or <%
RBRACE	} or %>
EQ	=
SCOPE	::
SEMIC	;
COLON	:
DOTSTAR	.*
QUESTION	?
DOT	.
DYNAMIC_CAST	dynamic_cast
STATIC_CAST	static_cast
REINTERPRET_CAST	reinterpret_cast
CONST_CAST	const_cast
TYPEID	typeid
THIS	this
TEMPLATE	template
TYPENAME	typename
THROW	throw
TRY	thy
CATCH	catch
TYPEDEF	typedef
FRIEND	friend
CLASS	class
NAMESPACE	namespace
ENUM	enum
STRUCT	struct
UNION	union
VIRTUAL	virtual
PRIVATE	private
PROTECTED	protected
PUBLIC	public
EXPORT	export
AUTO	auto
REGISTER	register
EXTERN	extern
MUTABLE	mutable
ASM	asm
USING	using
INLINE	inline
VIRTUAL	virtual
EXPLICIT	explicit
STATIC	static
CONST	const
VOLATILE	volatile
OPERATOR	operator
SIZEOF	sizeof
NEW	new
NEW_ARRAY	NEW_ARRAY
DELETE	delete
DELETE_ARRAY	delete[]
PLUS	+
MINUS	-
STAR	*
SLASH	/
PERCENT	%
HAT	^ or xor
AND	& or bitand
OR	\| or bitor
TILDE	~ or compl
NOT	! or not
PLUS_EQ	+=
MINUS_EQ	-=
STAR_EQ	*=
SLASH_EQ	/=
PERCENT_EQ	PERCENT_EQ
HAT_EQ	^= or xor_eq
AND_EQ	&= or and_eq
OR_EQ	\|= or or_eq
LTLT	<<
GTGT	>>
GTGT_EQ	>>=
LTLT_EQ	<<=
EQEQ	==
NE	!= or not_eq
LE	<=
GE	>=
ANDAND	&& or and
OROR	\|\| or or
INCR	++
DECR	--
COMMA	,
ARROW_STAR	->*
ARROW	->
FUNCTION	()
SUBSCRIPT	[]
CHAR	char
WCHAR	wchar_t
BOOL	bool
SHORT	short
INT	int
LONG	long
SIGNED	signed
UNSIGNED	unsigned
FLOAT	float
DOUBLE	double
VOID	void
CASE	case
DEFAULT	default
IF	if
ELSE	else
SWITCH	switch
WHILE	while
DO	do
FOR	for
BREAK	break
CONTINUE	continue
GOTO	goto
RETURN	return
PP_DEFINE	#define
PP_UNDEF	#undef
PP_IF	#if
PP_IFDEF	#ifdef
PP_IFNDEF	#ifndef
PP_ELIF	#elif
PP_ELSE	#else
PP_ENDIF	#endif
PP_INCLUDE	#include
PP_LINE	#line
PP_ERROR	#error
PP_PRAGMA	#pragma
PP_DEFINED	defined
PP_HASHHASH	## or %:%:
PP_HASH	# or %:

[gram.key] A.1 Keywords

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1 New context-dependent keywords are introduced into a program by typedef (7.1.3), namespace (7.3.1),class (clause 9), enumeration (7.2), and template (clause 14) declarations.

typedef_name: IDENTIFIER
namespace_name: original_namespace_name; namespace_alias
original_namespace_name: IDENTIFIER
namespace_alias: IDENTIFIER
class_name: IDENTIFIER; template_id
enum_name: IDENTIFIER
template_name: IDENTIFIER

[gram.lex] A.2 Lexical conventions

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preprocessing_token: HEADER_NAME; CHARACTER_LITERAL; STRING_LITERAL; preprocessing_op_or_punc; each non_white_space character that cannot be one of the above
preprocessing_op_or_punc: LBRACE; RBRACE; LBRACK; RBRACK; HASH; HASHHASH; LPAREN; RPAREN; SEMIC; COLON; ELIPSIS; NEW; DELETE; QUESTION; SCOPE; DOT; DOT_STAR; PLUS; MINUS; STAR; SLASH; PERCENT; HAT; AND; OR; TILDE; NOT; EQ; LANGLE; RANGLE; PLUS_EQ; MINUS_EQ; STAR_EQ; SLASH_EQ; PERCENT_EQ; HAT_EQ; AND_EQ; OR_EQ; LTLT; GTGT; GTGT_EQ; LTLT_EQ; EQEQ; NE; LE; GE; ANDAND; OROR; INCR; DECR; COMMA; ARROW_STAR; ARROW
literal: INTEGER_LITERAL; CHARACTER_LITERAL; FLOATING_LITERAL; STRING_LITERAL; BOOLEAN_LITERAL
identifier_opt: /* Empty */; IDENTIFIER
identifier_list_opt: /* Empty */; IDENTIFIER; identifier_list_opt IDENTIFIER
scope_opt: /* Empty */; SCOPE
comma_opt: /* Empty */; COMMA
eplisis_opt: /* Empty */; ELIPSIS

[gram.basic] A.3 Basic concepts

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translation_unit: declaration_seq

[gram.expr] A.4 Expressions

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primary_expression: literal; THIS; LPAREN expression RPAREN; id_expression
id_expression: unqualified_id; qualified_id
unqualified_id: IDENTIFIER; operator_function_id; conversion_function_id; TILDE class_name; template_id
qualified_id: scope_opt nested_name_specifier template_opt unqualified_id; SCOPE IDENTIFIER; SCOPE operator_function_id; SCOPE template_id
template_opt: /* Empty */; TEMPLATE
nested_name_specifier: class_or_namespace_name SCOPE nested_name_specifier_opt; class_or_namespace_name SCOPE TEMPLATE nested_name_specifier
nested_name_specifier_opt: /* Empty */; nested_name_specifier
class_or_namespace_name: class_name; namespace_name
postfix_expression: primary_expression; postfix_expression LBRACK expression RBRACK; postfix_expression LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN; simple_type_specifier LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN; TYPENAME scope_opt nested_name_specifier IDENTIFIER LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN; TYPENAME scope_opt nested_name_specifier template_opt template_id LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN; postfix_expression DOT template_opt id_expression; postfix_expression ARROW template_opt id_expression; postfix_expression DOT pseudo_destructor_name; postfix_expression ARROW pseudo_destructor_name; postfix_expression INCR; postfix_expression DECR; DYNAMIC_CAST LANGLE type_id RANGLE LPAREN expression RPAREN; STATIC_CAST LANGLE type_id RANGLE LPAREN expression RPAREN; REINTERPRET_CAST LANGLE type_id RANGLE LPAREN expression RPAREN; CONST_CAST LANGLE type_id RANGLE LPAREN expression RPAREN; TYPEID LPAREN expression RPAREN; TYPEID LPAREN type_id RPAREN
expression_list: assignment_expression; expression_list COMMA assignment_expression
expression_list_opt: /* Empty */; expression_list
pseudo_destructor_name: scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt type_name SCOPE TILDE type_name; scope_opt nested_name_specifier TEMPLATE template_id SCOPE TILDE type_name; scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt TILDE type_name
unary_expression: postfix_expression; INCR cast_expression; DECR cast_expression; unary_operator cast_expression; SIZEOF unary_expression; SIZEOF LPAREN type_id RPAREN; new_expression; delete_expression
unary_operator: STAR; AND; PLUS; MINUS; NOT; TILDE
new_expression: scope_opt NEW new_placement_opt new_type_id new_initializer_opt; scope_opt NEW new_placement_opt LPAREN type_id RPAREN new_initializer_opt
new_placement: LPAREN expression_list RPAREN
new_placement_opt: /* Empty */; new_placement
new_type_id: type_specifier_seq new_declarator_opt
new_declarator: ptr_operator new_declarator_opt; direct_new_declarator
new_declarator_opt: /* Empty */; new_declarator
direct_new_declarator: LBRACK expression RBRACK; direct_new_declarator LBRACK constant_expression RBRACK
new_initializer: LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN
new_initializer_opt: /* Empty */; new_initializer
delete_expression: scope_opt DELETE cast_expression; scope_opt DELETE_ARRAY cast_expression
cast_expression: unary_expression; LPAREN type_id RPAREN cast_expression
pm_expression: cast_expression; pm_expression DOT_STAR cast_expression; pm_expression ARROW_STAR cast_expression
multiplicative_expression: pm_expression; multiplicative_expression STAR pm_expression; multiplicative_expression SLASH pm_expression; multiplicative_expression PERCENT pm_expression
additive_expression: multiplicative_expression; additive_expression PLUS multiplicative_expression; additive_expression MINUS multiplicative_expression
shift_expression: additive_expression; shift_expression LTLT additive_expression; shift_expression GTGT additive_expression
relational_expression: shift_expression; relational_expression LANGLE shift_expression; relational_expression RANGLE shift_expression; relational_expression LE shift_expression; relational_expression GE shift_expression
equality_expression: relational_expression; equality_expression EQEQ relational_expression; equality_expression NE relational_expression
and_expression: equality_expression; and_expression AND equality_expression
exclusive_or_expression: and_expression; exclusive_or_expression HAT and_expression
inclusive_or_expression: exclusive_or_expression; inclusive_or_expression OR exclusive_or_expression
logical_and_expression: inclusive_or_expression; logical_and_expression ANDAND inclusive_or_expression
logical_or_expression: logical_and_expression; logical_or_expression OROR logical_and_expression
conditional_expression: logical_or_expression; logical_or_expression QUESTION expression COLON assignment_expression
assignment_expression: conditional_expression; logical_or_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression; throw_expression
assignment_expression_opt: /* Empty */; assignment_expression
assignment_operator: EQ; STAR_EQ; SLASH_EQ; PERCENT_EQ; PLUS_EQ; MINUS_EQ; GTGT_EQ; LTLT_EQ; AND_EQ; HAT_EQ; OR_EQ
expression: assignment_expression; expression COMMA assignment_expression
expression_opt: /* Empty */; expression
constant_expression: conditional_expression
constant_expression_opt: /* Empty */; constant_expression

[gram.stmt.stmt] A.5 Statements

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statement: labeled_statement; expression_statement; compound_statement; selection_statement; iteration_statement; jump_statement; declaration_statement; try_block
labeled_statement: IDENTIFIER COLON statement; CASE constant_expression COLON statement; DEFAULT COLON statement
expression_statement: expression_opt SEMIC
compound_statement: LBRACE statement_seq_opt RBRACE
statement_seq: statement; statement_seq statement
statement_seq_opt: /* Empty */; statement
selection_statement: IF LPAREN condition RPAREN statement; IF LPAREN condition RPAREN statement ELSE statement; SWITCH LPAREN condition RPAREN statement
condition: expression; type_specifier_seq declarator EQ assignment_expression
condition_opt: /* Empty */; condition
iteration_statement: WHILE LPAREN condition RPAREN statement; DO statement WHILE LPAREN expression RPAREN SEMIC; FOR LPAREN for_init_statement condition_opt SEMIC expression_opt RPAREN statement
for_init_statement: expression_statement; simple_declaration
jump_statement: BREAK SEMIC; CONTINUE SEMIC; RETURN expression_opt SEMIC; GOTO IDENTIFIER SEMIC
declaration_statement: block_declaration

[gram.dcl.dcl] A.6 Declarations

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declaration_seq: declaration; declaration_seq declaration
declaration_seq_opt: /* Empty */; declaration
declaration: block_declaration; function_definition; template_declaration; explicit_instantiation; explicit_specialization; linkage_specification; namespace_definition
block_declaration: simple_declaration; asm_definition; namespace_alias_definition; using_declaration; using_directive
simple_declaration: decl_specifier_seq_opt init_declarator_list_opt
decl_specifier: storage_class_specifier; type_specifier; function_specifier; FRIEND; TYPEDEF
decl_specifier_seq: decl_specifier_seq_opt decl_specifier
decl_specifier_seq_opt: /* Empty */; decl_specifier_seq_opt
storage_class_specifier: AUTO; REGISTER; STATIC; EXTERN; MUTABLE
function_specifier: INLINE; VIRTUAL; EXPLICIT
typedef_name: IDENTIFIER
type_specifier: simple_type_specifier; class_specifier; enum_specifier; elaborated_type_specifier; cv_qualifier
simple_type_specifier: scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt type_name; scope_opt nested_name_specifier TEMPLATE template_id; CHAR; WCHAR; BOOL; SHORT; INT; LONG; SIGNED; UNSIGNED; FLOAT; DOUBLE; VOID
type_name: class_name; enum_name; typedef_name
elaborated_type_specifier: class_key scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt IDENTIFIER; ENUM scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt IDENTIFIER; TYPENAME scope_opt nested_name_specifier IDENTIFIER; TYPENAME scope_opt nested_name_specifier template_opt template_id
enum_name: IDENTIFIER
enum_specifier: ENUM identifier_opt LBRACE enumerator_list_opt RBRACE
enumerator_list: enumerator_definition; enumerator_list COMMA enumerator_definition
enumerator_list_opt: /* Empty */; enumerator_list
enumerator_definition: enumerator; enumerator EQ constant_expression
enumerator: IDENTIFIER
namespace_name: original_namespace_name; namespace_alias
original_namespace_name: IDENTIFIER
namespace_definition: named_namespace_definition; unnamed_namespace_definition
named_namespace_definition: original_namespace_definition; extension_namespace_definition
original_namespace_definition: NAMESPACE IDENTIFIER LBRACE namespace_body RBRACE
extension_namespace_definition: NAMESPACE original_namespace_name LBRACE namespace_body RBRACE
unnamed_namespace_definition: NAMESPACE LBRACE namespace_body RBRACE
namespace_body: declaration_seq_opt
namespace_alias: IDENTIFIER
namespace_alias_definition: NAMESPACE IDENTIFIER EQ qualified_namespace_specifier SEMIC
qualified_namespace_specifier: scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt namespace_name
using_declaration: USING typename_opt scope_opt nested_name_specifier unqualified_id SEMIC; USING SCOPE unqualified_id SEMIC
using_directive: USING NAMESPACE scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt namespace_name SEMIC
asm_definition: ASM LPAREN STRING_LITERAL RPAREN SEMIC
linkage_specification: EXTERN STRING_LITERAL LBRACE declaration_seq_opt RBRACE; EXTERN STRING_LITERAL declaration

[gram.dcl.decl] A.7 Declarators

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init_declarator_list: init_declarator; init_declarator_list COMMA init_declarator
init_declarator_list_opt: /* Empty */; init_declarator_list
init_declarator: declarator initializer_opt
declarator: direct_declarator; ptr_operator declarator
direct_declarator: declarator_id; direct_declarator LPAREN parameter_declaration_clause RPAREN cv_qualifier_seq_opt exception_specification_opt; direct_declarator LBRACK constant_expression_opt RBRACK; LPAREN declarator RPAREN
ptr_operator: STAR cv_qualifier_seq_opt; AND; scope_opt nested_name_specifier STAR cv_qualifier_seq_opt
cv_qualifier_seq: cv_qualifier cv_qualifier_seq_opt
cv_qualifier: CONST; VOLATILE
cv_qualifier_opt: /* Empty */; cv_qualifier
declarator_id: id_expression; scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt type_name
type_id: type_specifier_seq abstract_declarator_opt
type_specifier_seq: type_specifier type_specifier_seq_opt
type_specifier_seq_opt: /* Empty */; type_specifier_seq
abstract_declarator: ptr_operator abstract_declarator_opt; direct_abstract_declarator
abstract_declarator_opt: /* Empty */; abstract_declarator
direct_abstract_declarator: direct_abstract_declarator_optLPAREN parameter_declaration_clause RPAREN cv_qualifier_seq_opt exception_specification_opt; direct_abstract_declarator_opt LBRACK constant_expression_opt RBRACK; LPAREN abstract_declarator RPAREN
direct_abstract_declarator_opt: /* Empty */; direct_abstract_declarator
parameter_declaration_clause: parameter_declaration_list_opt eplisis_opt; parameter_declaration_list COMMA ELIPSIS
parameter_declaration_list: parameter_declaration; parameter_declaration_list COMMA parameter_declaration
parameter_declaration_list_opt: /* Empty */; parameter_declaration_list
parameter_declaration: decl_specifier_seq declarator; decl_specifier_seq declarator EQ assignment_expression; decl_specifier_seq abstract_declarator_opt; decl_specifier_seq abstract_declarator_opt EQ assignment_expression
function_definition: decl_specifier_seq_opt declarator ctor_initializer_opt function_body; decl_specifier_seq_opt declarator function_try_block
function_body: compound_statement
initializer: EQ initializer_clause; LPAREN expression_list RPAREN
initializer_opt: /* Empty */; initializer
initializer_clause: assignment_expression; LBRACE initializer_list COMMA_opt RBRACE; LBRACE RBRACE
initializer_list: initializer_clause; initializer_list COMMA initializer_clause

[gram.class] A.8 Classes

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class_name: IDENTIFIER; template_id
class_specifier: class_head LBRACE member_specification_opt RBRACE
class_head: class_key identifier_opt base_clause_opt; class_key nested_name_specifier IDENTIFIER base_clause_opt; class_key nested_name_specifier_opt template_id base_clause_opt
class_key: CLASS; STRUCT; UNION
class_key_opt: /* Empty */; class_key
member_specification: member_declaration member_specification_opt; access_specifier COLON member_specification_opt
member_specification_opt: /* Empty */; member_specification
member_declaration: decl_specifier_seq_opt member_declarator_list_opt SEMIC; function_definition semic_opt; scope_opt nested_name_specifier template_opt unqualified_id SEMIC; using_declaration; template_declaration
member_declarator_list: member_declarator; member_declarator_list COMMA member_declarator
member_declarator: declarator pure_specifier_opt; declarator constant_initializer_opt; identifier_opt COLON constant_expression
member_declarator_opt: /* Empty */; member_declarator
pure_specifier: EQ 0
pure_specifier_opt: /* Empty */; pure_specifier
constant_initializer: EQ constant_expression
constant_initializer_opt: /* Empty */; constant_initializer

[gram.class.derived] A.9 Derived classes

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base_clause: COLON base_specifier_list
base_clause_opt: /* Empty */; base_clause
base_specifier_list: base_specifier; base_specifier_list COMMA base_specifier
base_specifier: scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt class_name; VIRTUAL access_specifier_opt scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt class_name; access_specifier virtual_opt scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt class_name
virtual_opt: /* Empty */; VIRTUAL
access_specifier: PRIVATE; PROTECTED; PUBLIC
access_specifier: /* Empty */; access_specifier

[gram.special] A.10 Special member functions

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conversion_function_id: OPERATOR conversion_type_id
conversion_type_id: type_specifier_seq conversion_declarator_opt
conversion_declarator: ptr_operator conversion_declarator_opt
conversion_declarator_opt: /* Empty */; conversion_declarator
ctor_initializer: COLON mem_initializer_list
ctor_initializer_opt: /* Empty */; ctor_initializer
mem_initializer_list: mem_initializer; mem_initializer COMMA mem_initializer_list
mem_initializer: mem_initializer_id LPAREN expression_list_opt RPAREN
mem_initializer_id: scope_opt nested_name_specifier_opt class_name; IDENTIFIER

[gram.over] A.11 Overloading

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operator_function_id: OPERATOR operator_name
operator_name: NEW; DELETE; NEW_ARRAY; DELETE_ARRAY; PLUS; MINUS; STAR; SLASH; PERCENT; HAT; AND; OR; TILDE; NOT; EQ; LANGLE; RANGLE; PLUS_EQ; MINUS_EQ; STAR_EQ; SLASH_EQ; PERCENT_EQ; HAT_EQ; AND_EQ; OR_EQ; LTLT; GTGT; GTGT_EQ; LTLT_EQ; EQEQ; NE; LE; GE; ANDAND; OROR; INCR; DECR; COMMA; ARROW_STAR; ARROW; FUNCTION; SUBSCRIPT

[gram.temp] A.12 Templates

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template_declaration: export_opt TEMPLATE LANGLE template_parameter_list RANGLE declaration
export_opt: /* Empty */; EXPORT
template_parameter_list: template_parameter; template_parameter_list COMMA template_parameter
template_parameter: type_parameter; parameter_declaration
type_parameter: CLASS identifier_opt; CLASS identifier_opt EQ type_id; TYPENAME identifier_opt; TYPENAME identifier_opt EG type_id; TEMPLATE LANGLE template_parameter_list RANGLE CLASS identifier_opt; TEMPLATE LANGLE template_parameter_list RANGLE CLASS identifier_opt EQ id_expression
template_id: template_name LANGLE template_argument_list_opt RANGLE
template_id_opt: /* Empty */; template_id
template_name: IDENTIFIER
template_argument_list: template_argument; template_argument_list COMMA template_argument
template_argument_list_opt: /* Empty */; template_argument_list
template_argument: assignment_expression; type_id; id_expression
explicit_instantiation: TEMPLATE declaration
explicit_specialization: TEMPLATE LANGLE RANGLE declaration

[gram.except] A.13 Exception handling

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try_block: TRY compound_statement handler_seq
function_try_block: TRY ctor_initializer_opt function_body handler_seq
handler_seq: handler handler_seq_opt
handler_seq_opt: /* Empty */; handler_seq
handler: CATCH LPAREN exception_declaration RPAREN compound_statement
exception_declaration: type_specifier_seq declarator; type_specifier_seq abstract_declarator; type_specifier_seq ELIPSIS
throw_expression: THROW assignment_expression_opt
exception_specification: THROW LPAREN type_id_list_opt RPAREN
exception_specification_opt: /* Empty */; exception_specification
type_id_list: type_id; type_id_list COMMA type_id
type_id_list_opt: /* Empty */; type_id_list

[gram.cpp] A.14 Preprocessing directives

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preprocessing_file: group_opt
group: group_part; group group_part
group_opt: /* Empty */; group
group_part: pp_tokens_opt PP_NEWLINE; if_section; control_line
if_section: if_group elif_groups_opt else_group_opt endif_line
if_group: PP_IF constant_expression PP_NEWLINE group_opt; PP_IFDEFIDENTIFIER PP_NEWLINE group_opt; PP_IFNDEF IDENTIFIER PP_NEWLINE group_opt
elif_groups: elif_group; elif_groups elif_group
elif_groups_opt: /* Empty */; elif_groups
elif_group: PP_ELIF constant_expression PP_NEWLINE group_opt
else_group: PP_ELSE PP_NEWLINE group_opt
else_group_opt: /* Empty */; else_group
endif_line: PP_ENDIF PP_NEWLINE
control_line: PP_INCLUDE pp_tokens PP_NEWLINE; PP_DEFINE IDENTIFIER replacement_list PP_NEWLINE; PP_DEFINE IDENTIFIER LPAREN identifier_list_opt RPAREN replacement_list PP_NEWLINE; PP_UNDEF IDENTIFIER PP_NEWLINE; PP_LINE pp_tokens PP_NEWLINE; PP_ERROR pp_tokens_opt PP_NEWLINE; PP_PRAGMA pp_tokens_opt PP_NEWLINE; HASH PP_NEWLINE
replacement_list: pp_tokens_opt
pp_tokens: preprocessing_token; pp_tokens preprocessing_token
pp_tokens_opt: /* Empty */; pp_tokens