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| CMS-HIN-18-004 ; CERN-EP-2018-228 | ||
| Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in XeXe collisions at ${\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 1 September 2018 | ||
| JHEP 10 (2018) 138 | ||
| Abstract: The differential yields of charged particles having pseudorapidity within $| \eta | < $ 1 are measured using xenon-xenon (XeXe) collisions at ${\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.42 $\mu$b$^{-1}$, were collected in 2017 by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The yields are reported as functions of collision centrality and transverse momentum, ${p_{\mathrm{T}}}$, from 0.5 to 100 GeV. A previously reported ${p_{\mathrm{T}}}$ spectrum from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 5.02 TeV is used for comparison after correcting for the difference in center-of-mass energy. The nuclear modification factors using this reference, ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$, are constructed and compared to previous measurements and theoretical predictions. In head-on collisions, the ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$ has a value of 0.17 in the ${p_{\mathrm{T}}}$ range of 6-8 GeV, but increases to approximately 0.7 at 100 GeV. Above 6 GeV, the XeXe data show a notably smaller suppression than previous results for lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at ${\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV when compared at the same centrality (i.e., the same fraction of total cross section). However, the XeXe suppression is slightly greater than that for PbPb in events having a similar number of participating nucleons. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:1809.00201 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures & Tables | Summary | Additional Figures | References | CMS Publications |
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| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The XeXe tracking efficiency for six centrality selections. The tracking efficiency at low-$ {p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ values decreases because of the strict track quality requirements used. Above $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} = $ 3 GeV the efficiency for central events is rather flat around 70%. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainties. |
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Figure 2:
The ratio of charged-particle spectra in pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.44 and 5.02 TeV for three different MC generators. A fit to the {pythia} ratio is shown by the red line. |
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Figure 3:
(Upper panel) The charged-particle $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ spectra in six classes of XeXe centrality and the pp reference spectrum after being extrapolated to $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.44 TeV. The statistical uncertainties are smaller than the markers for many of the points. To facilitate direct comparison, the pp points are converted to per-event yields using a constant factor of 70 mb. (Lower panel) The systematic uncertainties for central and peripheral XeXe collisions, as well as for the pp reference data. |
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Figure 4:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in six centrality ranges. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-a:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 0-5%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-b:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 5-10%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-c:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 10-30%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-d:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 30-50%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-e:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 50-70%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 4-f:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in centrality range 70-80%. A previous measurement of $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 5:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in five centrality classes using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-a:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in centrality class 0-5%, using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-b:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in centrality class 5-10%, using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-c:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in centrality class 10-30%, using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-d:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in centrality class 30-50%, using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-e:
The measurement of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ in centrality class 50-70%, using the results of this analysis and data from Ref. [17]. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 6:
The charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV and $ {R_{\text {AA}}} $ for PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV, as a function of $< N_{\text {part}} > $. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the total systematic uncertainties in the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Figure 7:
Measurements of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ comparing centrality ranges having similar values of $< N_{\text {part}} > $. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 7-a:
Measurements of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ comparing centrality ranges having similar values of $< N_{\text {part}} > $: 10-30% and 0-5%. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 7-b:
Measurements of $ {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} $ comparing centrality ranges having similar values of $< N_{\text {part}} > $: 70-90% and 70-80%. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 8:
A comparison of the charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV with theoretical predictions from Refs. [49,50,56,57,54,53,55,51,52] for 0-10% (left) and 30-50% (right) centrality classes. The hollow black boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe data. Ratios are shown in the bottom panels, where the gray band represents the total uncertainty in the measurement. |
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Figure 8-a:
A comparison of the charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV with theoretical predictions from Refs. [49,50,56,57,54,53,55,51,52] for the 0-10% centrality class. The hollow black boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe data. Ratios are shown in the bottom panel, where the gray band represents the total uncertainty in the measurement. |
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Figure 8-b:
A comparison of the charged-particle $ {R^{*}_{\text {AA}}} $ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV with theoretical predictions from Refs. [49,50,56,57,54,53,55,51,52] for the 30-50% centrality class. The hollow black boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the XeXe data. Ratios are shown in the bottom panel, where the gray band represents the total uncertainty in the measurement. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
The values of $< N_{\text {part}} > $, $< N_{\text {coll}} > $, ${T_{\text {AA}}}$, and their uncertainties, for ${\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} =$ 5.44 TeV XeXe collisions and 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions in the centrality ranges used here. |
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Table 2:
The systematic uncertainties related to the measurements reported here. The values quoted cover the centrality and $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ dependence of each uncertainty. They are separated into normalization uncertainties and all other systematic uncertainties. |
| Summary |
| The transverse momentum, ${p_{\mathrm{T}}}$, spectra of charged particles in the pseudorapidity range $| \eta | < $ 1 are measured in several ranges of collision centrality for xenon-xenon (XeXe) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.44 TeV. A proton-proton (pp) reference spectrum for the same energy is extrapolated from an existing measurement at ${\sqrt{s}} = $ 5.02 TeV using a scaling function calculated from simulated PYTHIA events. The nuclear modification factor with extrapolated reference, ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$, is constructed from these spectra. In central events, ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$ has a value of 0.17 in the ${p_{\mathrm{T}}}$ range of 6-8 GeV, before increasing to a value of around 0.7 at 100 GeV. This suppression is less than what has been observed in a matching centrality range of lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV, even when accounting for the difference in collision energy. In contrast, charged-particle production in XeXe collisions is found to be slightly more suppressed than in PbPb collisions that have a similar number of participating nucleons rather than a similar centrality. Taken together, these observations illustrate the importance that collision system size and geometry have on the strength of parton energy loss. Predictions from the Djordjevic, SCET$_G$ and cujet3.1/cibjet models are found to agree with the measured ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$. The model of Andres et al. lies on the upper edge of the systematic uncertainties of ${R^{*}_{\text{AA}}}$ for central events. Finally, calculations using a linear Boltzmann transport model also agree with the data, except for the kinematic range 15 $ < {p_{\mathrm{T}}} < $ 40 GeV in central events, where they follow the upper edge of the data's uncertainty. These measurements help elucidate the nature of parton energy loss in XeXe collisions and constrain the system size dependence of hot nuclear medium effects. |
| Additional Figures | |
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Additional Figure 1:
The charged-particle $R^{*}_{\mathrm {AA}}$ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV in the 0-80% centrality range. The asterisk on $R^{*}_{\mathrm {AA}}$ indicates the use of a pp reference extrapolated in center-of-mass energy from 5.02 to 5.44 TeV. A previous measurement of $R_{\mathrm {AA}}$ in inclusive PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV is also shown [17]. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties in the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Additional Figure 2:
The charged-particle $R^{*}_{\mathrm {AA}}$ for XeXe collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV and $R_{\mathrm {AA}}$ for PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV [17], as a function of $< N_{\text {part}} > $. The asterisk on $R^{*}_{\mathrm {AA}}$ indicates the use of a pp reference extrapolated in center-of-mass energy from 5.02 to 5.44 TeV. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the total systematic uncertainties in the XeXe and PbPb data, respectively. |
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Additional Figure 3:
A ratio between XeXe and PbPb spectra [17] ($R^{\mathrm {Xe}}_{\mathrm {Pb}}$) comparing centrality ranges having similar values of $< N_{\text {part}}> $. The blue line represents the expected deviation from unity caused by the different center-of-mass energies of the two collision systems. The solid pink boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. |
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Additional Figure 4:
The $N_{\text {coll}}$-scaled differential yield of charged particles as a function of $N_{\text {coll}}$ for two different $p_{\text {T}}$ selections in XeXe hydjet events at 5.44 TeV. The yields are shown after selecting events based on the generator level $N_{\text {coll}}$ (solid lines), or using the total $E_{\text {T}}$ measured in the forward region (dashed lines). |
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Additional Figure 5:
The $N_{\text {coll}}$-scaled differential yield of charged particles as a function of $N_{\text {coll}}$ for two different $p_{\text {T}}$ selections in XeXe ampt with string melting events at 5.44 TeV. The yields are shown after selecting events based on the generator level $N_{\text {coll}}$ (solid lines), or using the total $E_{\text {T}}$ measured in the forward region (dashed lines). |
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Additional Figure 6:
The event selection bias predicted by the hydjet and ampt with string melting event generators, as a function of centrality and $p_{\text {T}}$. The bias is evaluated by taking a ratio between charged-particle differential yields selected with generator-level $N_{\text {coll}}$ and a centrality selection using the $E_{\text {T}}$ in the forward region. |
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Additional Figure 7:
A comparison of {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}} in 0-5% collisions with various models. The models are calculated as {R_{\text {AA}}} ratios and then scaled by the blue line to be comparable to {R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}}. The green line is a linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) model [49,50] and the magenta region is from the cujet3.1/cibjet model [53,54]. The orange line is a model from Djordjevic [51,52]. All three of these predictions are calculated in the 0-10% centrality range. The red line is from a model of Andres et al. [55]. |
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Additional Figure 8:
A comparison of ${R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}}$ in 5-10% collisions with various models. The models are calculated as ${R_{\text {AA}}}$ ratios and then scaled by the blue line to be comparable to ${R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}}$. The green line is a linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) model [49,50] and the magenta region is from the cujet3.1/cibjet model [53,54]. The orange line is a model from Djordjevic [51,52]. All three of these predictions are calculated in the 0-10% centrality range. The red line is from a model of Andres et al. [55]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 9:
A comparison of ${R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}}$ in 30-50% collisions with various models. The models are calculated as ${R_{\text {AA}}}$ ratios and then scaled by the blue line to be comparable to ${R_{\text {Pb}}^{\text {Xe}}}$. The green line is a linear Boltzmann transport (LBT) model [49,50] and the magenta region is from the cujet3.1/cibjet model [53,54]. The orange line is a model from Djordjevic [51,52]. |
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