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| CMS-HIN-18-005 ; CERN-EP-2020-181 | ||
| Nuclear modification of $ \Upsilon $ states in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 23 February 2022 | ||
| Phys. Lett. B 835 (2022) 137397 | ||
| Abstract: Production cross sections of $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) states decaying into $ \mu^{+}\mu^{-} $ in proton-lead (pPb) collisions are reported using data collected by the CMS experiment at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. A comparison is made with corresponding cross sections obtained with pp data measured at the same collision energy and scaled by the Pb nucleus mass number. The nuclear modification factor for $ \Upsilon$(1S) is found to be $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}}(\Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}}) = $ 0.806 $ \pm $ 0.024 (stat) $ \pm $ 0.059 (syst). Similar results for the excited states indicate a sequential suppression pattern, such that $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}}(\Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}}) > R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}}(\Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}}) > R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}}(\Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}}) $. The suppression of all states is much less pronounced in pPb than in PbPb collisions, and independent of transverse momentum $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ and center-of-mass rapidity $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ of the individual $ \Upsilon $ state in the studied range $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. Models that incorporate final-state effects of bottomonia in pPb collisions are in better agreement with the data than those which only assume initial-state modifications. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2202.11807 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Measured dimuon invariant mass distributions (closed circles) for pp (left) and pPb (right) collisions. The total unbinned maximum-likelihood fits to the data are shown as solid blue lines, with the background component indicated by dashed blue lines. The individual $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pp are depicted as dashed orange lines in the left panel. The dashed red line in the right panel is obtained by scaling the $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pPb (solid blue line) under the assumption that $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ is unity. |
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Figure 1-a:
Measured dimuon invariant mass distributions (closed circles) for pp (left) and pPb (right) collisions. The total unbinned maximum-likelihood fits to the data are shown as solid blue lines, with the background component indicated by dashed blue lines. The individual $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pp are depicted as dashed orange lines in the left panel. The dashed red line in the right panel is obtained by scaling the $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pPb (solid blue line) under the assumption that $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ is unity. |
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Figure 1-b:
Measured dimuon invariant mass distributions (closed circles) for pp (left) and pPb (right) collisions. The total unbinned maximum-likelihood fits to the data are shown as solid blue lines, with the background component indicated by dashed blue lines. The individual $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pp are depicted as dashed orange lines in the left panel. The dashed red line in the right panel is obtained by scaling the $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) signal shapes in pPb (solid blue line) under the assumption that $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ is unity. |
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Figure 2:
Cross section times dimuon branching fraction of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right) in pPb (upper row) and pp (lower row) collisions. For pPb collisions, the p-going side corresponds to $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} > $ 0. Because pp collisions are symmetric in the center-of-mass frame, the absolute value of rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| $ is used in the lower right panel. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. A 3.5 (2.3)% global uncertainty in determining the integrated luminosity of pPb (pp) collisions, applicable to all points, is not included in the point-by-point uncertainties. |
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Figure 2-a:
Cross section times dimuon branching fraction of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right) in pPb (upper row) and pp (lower row) collisions. For pPb collisions, the p-going side corresponds to $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} > $ 0. Because pp collisions are symmetric in the center-of-mass frame, the absolute value of rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| $ is used in the lower right panel. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. A 3.5 (2.3)% global uncertainty in determining the integrated luminosity of pPb (pp) collisions, applicable to all points, is not included in the point-by-point uncertainties. |
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Figure 2-b:
Cross section times dimuon branching fraction of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right) in pPb (upper row) and pp (lower row) collisions. For pPb collisions, the p-going side corresponds to $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} > $ 0. Because pp collisions are symmetric in the center-of-mass frame, the absolute value of rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| $ is used in the lower right panel. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. A 3.5 (2.3)% global uncertainty in determining the integrated luminosity of pPb (pp) collisions, applicable to all points, is not included in the point-by-point uncertainties. |
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Figure 2-c:
Cross section times dimuon branching fraction of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right) in pPb (upper row) and pp (lower row) collisions. For pPb collisions, the p-going side corresponds to $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} > $ 0. Because pp collisions are symmetric in the center-of-mass frame, the absolute value of rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| $ is used in the lower right panel. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. A 3.5 (2.3)% global uncertainty in determining the integrated luminosity of pPb (pp) collisions, applicable to all points, is not included in the point-by-point uncertainties. |
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Figure 2-d:
Cross section times dimuon branching fraction of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right) in pPb (upper row) and pp (lower row) collisions. For pPb collisions, the p-going side corresponds to $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} > $ 0. Because pp collisions are symmetric in the center-of-mass frame, the absolute value of rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| $ is used in the lower right panel. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. A 3.5 (2.3)% global uncertainty in determining the integrated luminosity of pPb (pp) collisions, applicable to all points, is not included in the point-by-point uncertainties. |
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Figure 3:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $\ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right), where the right panel is integrated over $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 3-a:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $\ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right), where the right panel is integrated over $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 3-b:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) as functions of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $\ (left) and $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ (right), where the right panel is integrated over $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 4:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles) versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with initial-state model calculations: nPDF modification [16] (left) and energy loss (E. Loss) with and without shadowing corrections [17] (right). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 4-a:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles) versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with initial-state model calculations: nPDF modification [16] (left) and energy loss (E. Loss) with and without shadowing corrections [17] (right). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 4-b:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles) versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with initial-state model calculations: nPDF modification [16] (left) and energy loss (E. Loss) with and without shadowing corrections [17] (right). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 5:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with CIM predictions [18] with shadowing corrections using nCTEQ15 and EPS09 for $ \Upsilon$(1S) (upper left; red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (upper right; blue squares) and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (lower; green diamonds). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 5-a:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with CIM predictions [18] with shadowing corrections using nCTEQ15 and EPS09 for $ \Upsilon$(1S) (upper left; red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (upper right; blue squares) and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (lower; green diamonds). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 5-b:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with CIM predictions [18] with shadowing corrections using nCTEQ15 and EPS09 for $ \Upsilon$(1S) (upper left; red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (upper right; blue squares) and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (lower; green diamonds). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 5-c:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ versus $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ with CIM predictions [18] with shadowing corrections using nCTEQ15 and EPS09 for $ \Upsilon$(1S) (upper left; red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (upper right; blue squares) and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (lower; green diamonds). The uncertainty range for each model calculation is shown. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 6:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity for 0 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 6 GeV/$c$ (left) and 6 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ (right). The points are shifted horizontally for better visibility. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 6-a:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity for 0 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 6 GeV/$c$ (left) and 6 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ (right). The points are shifted horizontally for better visibility. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 6-b:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity for 0 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 6 GeV/$c$ (left) and 6 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ (right). The points are shifted horizontally for better visibility. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. The gray box around the line at unity represents the global uncertainty due to luminosity normalization (4.2%). |
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Figure 7:
$ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ versus $ N_{\text{tracks}} $ at mid-pseudorapidity (left) and $ \mbox{\textsl{vs.}} E_{\mathrm{T}} $ at forward/backward pseudorapidity (right) of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) for $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. For $ \Upsilon$(3S), a wide bin is used for high event activity, with the width indicated by a horizontal bar. |
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Figure 7-a:
$ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ versus $ N_{\text{tracks}} $ at mid-pseudorapidity (left) and $ \mbox{\textsl{vs.}} E_{\mathrm{T}} $ at forward/backward pseudorapidity (right) of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) for $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. For $ \Upsilon$(3S), a wide bin is used for high event activity, with the width indicated by a horizontal bar. |
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Figure 7-b:
$ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ versus $ N_{\text{tracks}} $ at mid-pseudorapidity (left) and $ \mbox{\textsl{vs.}} E_{\mathrm{T}} $ at forward/backward pseudorapidity (right) of $ \Upsilon$(1S) (red circles), $ \Upsilon$(2S) (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (green diamonds) for $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. Vertical bars on the points represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes represent systematic uncertainties. For $ \Upsilon$(3S), a wide bin is used for high event activity, with the width indicated by a horizontal bar. |
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Figure 8:
$ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(1S), $ \Upsilon$(2S) and $ \Upsilon$(3S) (red circles) for the integrated kinematic range 0 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. The $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ results are compared to the CMS results on $ \Upsilon{\textrm{ (nS) }} R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ (blue squares for $ \Upsilon$(1S) and $ \Upsilon$(2S) and blue arrow for the upper limit at 95% confidence level (CL) on $ \Upsilon$(3S)) for 0 $ < p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 2.4, at the same energy [36]. Vertical bars represent statistical and fit uncertainties and filled boxes around points represent systematic uncertainties. The gray and red boxes around the line at unity depict the uncertainty in the pp and pPb luminosity normalizations (2.3 and 3.5%), respectively. The blue box around unity depicts the global uncertainty pertaining to PbPb data ($ {}^{+3.6\%}_{-4.1\%} $) [36]. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Ranges of typical systematic uncertainties in $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ and $ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ for $ \Upsilon$(nS). For acceptance and efficiency the range quoted covers the efficiency of all three $ \Upsilon $ states. The uncertainties in luminosity are global uncertainties that apply to all three $ \Upsilon $ states. The luminosity uncertainty cancels in the calculation of the $ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $. |
| Summary |
| The $ \Upsilon$(nS) (where $ n= $ 1, 2, 3) family is studied in proton-lead (pPb) collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV and the production cross sections are presented. Using pp collision data obtained at the same collision energy, the nuclear modification factors $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ in pPb collisions for the three $ \Upsilon $ states are measured. Compared to the hypothesis of scaling by the number of nucleons $ A $, we find the $ \Upsilon$(nS) yields to be suppressed. This suppression is observed over the entire kinematic range that is studied, i.e.,, transverse momentum $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and center-of-mass rapidity $ |y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}}| < $ 1.93. The suppression level is constant both as a function of $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} $\ and of $ y^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{CM}} $ within the experimental uncertainties. An indication of higher separation of the excited states with $ p^{\Upsilon}_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 6 GeV/$c$ is observed in the Pb-going direction. The forward-backward production ratios $ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ of $ \Upsilon$(nS) states are studied as a function of event activity in two regions: A midrapidity region (where the $ \Upsilon$(nS) states were measured), and a region with at least two units of rapidity separation from any measured $ \Upsilon$(nS) state. The $ R_{\mathrm{FB}} $ values are consistent with unity for all states, independent of the region used to measure the event activity. The integrated nuclear modification factors for $ \Upsilon$(nS) in pPb collisions are compared with those measured in PbPb collisions. The nuclear modification factors $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ in PbPb collisions are much smaller than the corresponding $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $ value for each state. However, a similar ordering of the measured $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}} $($ \Upsilon$(nS)) is observed, with $ \Upsilon$(1S) the least suppressed. This suggests the presence of final-state effects in pPb collisions, consistent with predictions from models that break up the bound quarkonium states via interactions with comoving particles from the underlying event. These results will help us to understand how bottomonia are modified in heavy-ion collisions. |
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