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| CMS-EXO-21-010 ; CERN-EP-2022-103 | ||
| Search for resonant and nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 21 June 2022 | ||
| JHEP 07 (2023) 161 | ||
| Abstract: A search for pairs of dijet resonances with the same mass is conducted in final states with at least four jets. Results are presented separately for the case where the four jet production proceeds via an intermediate resonant state and for nonresonant production. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$ collected by the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV. Model-independent limits, at 95% confidence level, are reported on the production cross section of four-jet and dijet resonances. These first LHC limits on resonant pair production of dijet resonances via high mass intermediate states are applied to a signal model of diquarks that decay into pairs of vector-like quarks, excluding diquark masses below 7.6 TeV for a particular model scenario. There are two events in the tails of the distributions, each with a four-jet mass of 8 TeV and an average dijet mass of 2 TeV, resulting in local and global significances of 3.9 and 1.6 standard deviations, respectively, if interpreted as a signal. The nonresonant search excludes pair production of top squarks with masses between 0.50 TeV to 0.77 TeV, with the exception of a small interval between 0.52 and 0.58 TeV, for supersymmetric $R$-parity-violating decays to quark pairs, significantly extending previous limits. Here, the most significant excess above the predicted background occurs at an average dijet mass of 0.95 TeV, for which the local and global significances are 3.6 and 2.5 standard deviations, respectively. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2206.09997 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
(Left) Resonant production via a particle, Y, of pairs of dijet resonances, X. (Right) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances. |
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Figure 1-a:
(Left) Resonant production via a particle, Y, of pairs of dijet resonances, X. (Right) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances. |
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Figure 1-b:
(Left) Resonant production via a particle, Y, of pairs of dijet resonances, X. (Right) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances. |
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Figure 2:
Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the four-jet mass and the average mass of the two dijets. The dotted and dashed curves show the 68% and 95% probability contours, respectively, from a signal simulation of a diquark with a mass of 8.4 TeV, decaying to a pair of vector-like quarks, each with a mass of 2.1 TeV. |
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Figure 3:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the four-jet mass and the ratio $\alpha $, which is the average mass of the two dijets divided by the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 8.4 TeV, decaying to a pair of vector-like quarks, each with a mass of 2.1 TeV. Both plots also show the thirteen $\alpha $ bins used to define the four-jet mass distributions used in the resonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 3-a:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the four-jet mass and the ratio $\alpha $, which is the average mass of the two dijets divided by the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 8.4 TeV, decaying to a pair of vector-like quarks, each with a mass of 2.1 TeV. Both plots also show the thirteen $\alpha $ bins used to define the four-jet mass distributions used in the resonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 3-b:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the four-jet mass and the ratio $\alpha $, which is the average mass of the two dijets divided by the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 8.4 TeV, decaying to a pair of vector-like quarks, each with a mass of 2.1 TeV. Both plots also show the thirteen $\alpha $ bins used to define the four-jet mass distributions used in the resonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 4:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the average mass of the two dijets and the ratio $\alpha $ of that mass to the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and $R$-parity violating decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 2 TeV. Both plots also show the three $\alpha $ bins used to define the average dijet mass distributions in the nonresonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 4-a:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the average mass of the two dijets and the ratio $\alpha $ of that mass to the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and $R$-parity violating decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 2 TeV. Both plots also show the three $\alpha $ bins used to define the average dijet mass distributions in the nonresonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 4-b:
(Left) Numbers of events observed (color scale) within bins of the average mass of the two dijets and the ratio $\alpha $ of that mass to the four-jet mass. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and $R$-parity violating decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 2 TeV. Both plots also show the three $\alpha $ bins used to define the average dijet mass distributions in the nonresonant search (dashed lines). |
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Figure 5:
Signal differential distributions for the resonant search (left) as functions of four-jet mass, and the nonresonant search (right) as functions of the average mass of the two dijets, for various resonance masses, and for the alpha bins with the largest signal yield in each search. The integral of each distribution has been normalized to unity. |
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Figure 5-a:
Signal differential distributions for the resonant search (left) as functions of four-jet mass, and the nonresonant search (right) as functions of the average mass of the two dijets, for various resonance masses, and for the alpha bins with the largest signal yield in each search. The integral of each distribution has been normalized to unity. |
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Figure 5-b:
Signal differential distributions for the resonant search (left) as functions of four-jet mass, and the nonresonant search (right) as functions of the average mass of the two dijets, for various resonance masses, and for the alpha bins with the largest signal yield in each search. The integral of each distribution has been normalized to unity. |
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Figure 6:
The products of acceptance and efficiency of a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (left), and a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (right), inclusively, i.e., for all $\alpha $ values, and for the three $\alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($\geq $85%) of the signal. The case when the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is also shown as a solid line. |
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Figure 6-a:
The products of acceptance and efficiency of a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (left), and a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (right), inclusively, i.e., for all $\alpha $ values, and for the three $\alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($\geq $85%) of the signal. The case when the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is also shown as a solid line. |
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Figure 6-b:
The products of acceptance and efficiency of a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (left), and a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (right), inclusively, i.e., for all $\alpha $ values, and for the three $\alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($\geq $85%) of the signal. The case when the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is also shown as a solid line. |
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Figure 7:
The four-jet mass distributions of the data (points), within three of the thirteen $\alpha $ bins of the resonant search, compared with the simulated LO QCD background distribution (green histogram) and fitted with three functions: a power-law times an exponential (red dotted), the dijet function (red dashed), and the modified dijet function (red solid), each function with three free parameters. Examples of predicted diquark signals are shown, with cross sections equal to the observed upper limits at 95% confidence level, for resonance masses of 2.0 (blue dotted), 5.0 (blue dashed), and 8.6 TeV (blue solid). The lower panels show the pulls from the fit of the modified dijet function to the data, calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data. |
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Figure 8:
The pulls from the fit of the modified dijet function to the four-jet mass distribution, and the reduced chi-squared of the fit $\chi ^2$/NDF, for all thirteen $\alpha $ bins of the resonant search. See Fig. 7 for the distributions and fits for the 0.22 $ < \alpha < $ 0.24, 0.24 $ < \alpha < $ 0.26 and 0.26 $ < \alpha < $ 0.28 bins. The pulls are calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data. |
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Figure 9:
The average dijet mass distributions for the data (points), within the three $\alpha $ bins of the nonresonant search, compared with LO QCD (green histogram) and fitted with three functions: a power-law times an exponential (red dotted), the dijet function (red dashed), and the modified dijet function (red solid), each function with three free parameters. Examples of predicted top squark pair production signals are shown, with cross sections equal to the expected SUSY cross sections, for top squark masses of 0.6 (blue solid), 1.0 (blue dotted), and 2.0 TeV (blue dashed). The lower panels show the pulls from the fit of the modified dijet function to the dijet mass distribution, calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data, the aforementioned signals, and the goodness of fit measure $\chi ^2$/NDF, for all three $\alpha $ bins of the nonresonant search. |
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Figure 10:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance for resonant production of paired dijet resonances decaying to a quark-gluon pair, with the values of $\alpha _{\mathrm {true}} = M(\mathrm{X})/M(\mathrm{Y}) $ shown. The corresponding expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to predictions for a scalar diquark [22] (dot-dashed line) with couplings to pairs of up quarks, $y_{uu}=$ 0.4, and to pairs of vector-like quarks, $y_{\chi}=$ 0.6. |
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Figure 11:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance for resonant production of paired dijet resonances decaying to a quark-gluon pair, with $\alpha _{\mathrm {true}}=M(\mathrm{X})/M(\mathrm{Y})=$ 0.25. The corresponding expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to predictions for a scalar diquark [22] (dot-dashed line) with couplings to pairs of up quarks, $y_{uu}=$ 0.4, and to pairs of vector-like quarks, $y_{\chi}=$ 0.6. |
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Figure 12:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance for the nonresonant production of top squark pairs in the RPV SUSY decay scenario. The corresponding expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to the top squark model cross section (dot dashed lines). |
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Figure 13:
Observed $p$-values (points) for nonresonant production of a paired dijet resonance, X. The vertical scales indicate the local $p$-value (left axis) and the global $p$-value (right axis in blue) for a signal over all $\alpha $ bins. Also shown are corresponding levels of local significance (dashed) and global significance (blue dashed) in units of standard deviation ($\sigma $). |
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Figure 14:
Observed $p$-values (points) for a four-jet resonance, Y, decaying to a pair of dijet resonances, X, with $\alpha _\textrm {true} = M(\mathrm{X})/M(\mathrm{Y}) = $ 0.25. The vertical scales indicate the local $p$-value (left axis) and the global $p$-value (right axis in blue) for a signal over all $\alpha $ bins. Also shown are corresponding levels of local significance (dashed) and global significance (blue dashed) in units of standard deviation ($\sigma $). |
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Figure 15:
The four-jet mass distributions of the data (points) for all $\alpha $ bins together. The data are compared with an LO QCD prediction of jet production from {pythia} 8 (green histogram) and fitted with three functions: a power-law times an exponential (red dotted), the dijet function (red dashed), and the modified dijet function (red solid), each function has five free parameters. Examples of predicted diquark signals, with cross sections equal to the observed upper limits at 95% CL, are shown for resonance masses of 2.0 (blue dotted), 5.0 (blue dashed), and 8.6 TeV (blue solid). The lower panel shows the pulls from the fit of the modified dijet function to the data. |
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Figure 16:
Three-dimensional display of the event with the highest four-jet mass of 8.0 TeV. The display shows the energy deposited in the electromagnetic (red) and hadronic (blue) calorimeters and the reconstructed tracks of charged particles (green). The grouping of the four observed jets into two dijet pairs (purple box) is discussed in the text. |
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Figure 17:
Three-dimensional display of the event with the second-highest four-jet mass of 7.9 TeV. The display shows the energy deposited in the electromagnetic (red) and hadronic (blue) calorimeters and the reconstructed tracks of charged particles (green). The grouping of the four observed jets into two dijet pairs (purple box) is discussed in the text. |
| Summary |
|
A search for paired dijet resonances has been presented in final states with at least four jets, probing dijet masses above 0.35 TeV and four-jet masses above 1.6 TeV. Data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV were used in this search, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. For the first time, a search for resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, where a massive intermediate state leads to a four-jet resonance in the final state, has been performed. A search for pairs of equal mass dijet resonances produced by a nonresonant process has also been conducted. Empirical functions that model the background, and simulated shapes of resonance signals, are fit to the observed four-jet and dijet mass distributions. There are two events in the tails of the distributions, with a four-jet mass of 8 TeV and an average dijet mass of 2 TeV. They result in a local significance of 3.9 standard deviations and a global significance of 1.6 standard deviations, when interpreted as a signal of a four-jet resonance with mass 8.6 TeV and a dijet resonance with mass 2.15 TeV. More data are needed to establish if these events are the first hints of a signal, and LHC data with the highest possible collision energy would be very effective. Model-independent upper limits at 95% confidence level (CL) are presented on the production cross section times branching fraction and acceptance. For resonant production, the limits are presented as a function of the four-jet resonance mass between 2 and 9 TeV, for all accessible values of the ratio of the dijet to four-jet resonance masses. For nonresonant production, the limits are presented as functions of dijet resonance mass between 0.5 and 3.0 TeV. Limits from the resonant search are compared to a model [22] of diquarks, which decay to pairs of vector-like quarks, which in-turn decay to a quark and a gluon. Mass limits for all accessible values of the ratio of the vector-like quark to diquark masses, for a benchmark scenario where the diquark couplings to pairs of up quarks is 0.4, and the diquark couplings to pairs of vector-like quarks is 0.6 are presented. In particular, when the ratio of the vector-like quark to diquark mass is chosen to be 0.25, motivated by the two observed events discussed above, diquarks with a mass less than 7.6 TeV (observed) and 7.8 TeV (expected) are excluded at 95% CL. Limits from the nonresonant search are compared to a model [23] of $R$-parity-violating supersymmetry, with pair produced top squarks decaying to down and strange quarks. Top squarks with masses between 0.50 TeV to 0.77 TeV are excluded at 95% CL, with the exception of a small interval between 0.52 and 0.58 TeV, compared with an exclusion of less than 0.67 TeV (expected), significantly extending the previous observed limit of 0.52 TeV [21]. In this case, the most significant signal hypothesis occurs at an average dijet mass of 0.95 TeV, for which the local and global significances are 3.6 and 2.5 standard deviations, respectively. |
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