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| CMS-EXO-19-016 ; CERN-EP-2023-144 | ||
| Search for a third-generation leptoquark coupled to a $ \tau $ lepton and a b quark through single, pair, and nonresonant production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 15 August 2023 | ||
| Accepted for publication in J. High Energy Phys. | ||
| Abstract: A search is presented for a third-generation leptoquark (LQ) coupled exclusively to a $ \tau $ lepton and a b quark. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. Events with $ \tau $ leptons and a varying number of jets originating from b quarks are considered, targeting the single and pair production of LQs, as well as nonresonant $ t $-channel LQ exchange. An excess is observed in the data with respect to the background expectation in the combined analysis of all search regions. For a benchmark LQ mass of 2 TeV and an LQ-b-$\tau $ coupling strength of 2.5, the excess reaches a local significance of up to 2.8 standard deviations. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are placed on the LQ production cross section in the LQ mass range 0.5-2.3 TeV, and up to 3 TeV for $ t $-channel LQ exchange. Leptoquarks are excluded below masses of 1.22-1.88 TeV for different LQ models and varying coupling strengths up to 2.5. The study of nonresonant $ \tau\tau $ production through $ t $-channel LQ exchange allows lower limits on the LQ mass of up to 2.3 TeV to be obtained. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2308.07826 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Example Feynman diagrams of signal processes at leading order: single (left) and pair (center) LQ production, as well as nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons via $ t $-channel LQ exchange (right). |
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Figure 1-a:
Example Feynman diagram at leading order of single LQ production. |
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Figure 1-b:
Example Feynman diagram at leading order of pair LQ production. |
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Figure 1-c:
Example Feynman diagram at leading order of nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons via $ t $-channel LQ exchange. |
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Figure 2:
Product of acceptance and efficiency for a vector LQ signal in the $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (left) and $ \mu\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (right) channels of the 0b and $ \geq $1b (upper), and the 0j categories (lower). The resonant LQ signals are neglected in the 0j category. Vertical bars (only just visible) indicate the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 2-a:
Product of acceptance and efficiency for a vector LQ signal in the $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel of the 0b and $ \geq $1b categories. Vertical bars (only just visible) indicate the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 2-b:
Product of acceptance and efficiency for a vector LQ signal in the $ \mu\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel of the 0b and $ \geq $1b categories. Vertical bars (only just visible) indicate the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 2-c:
Product of acceptance and efficiency for a vector LQ signal in the $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel of the 0j category. The resonant LQ signals are neglected. Vertical bars (only just visible) indicate the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 2-d:
Product of acceptance and efficiency for a vector LQ signal in the $ \mu\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel of the 0j category. The resonant LQ signals are neglected. Vertical bars (only just visible) indicate the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 3:
Postfit distributions of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ (top), $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (center), and $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (bottom) channels in the 0b (left) and $ \geq $1b (right) categories are shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. In each distribution, the lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-a:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ channel in the 0b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-b:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ channel in the $ \geq $1b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-c:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the 0b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-d:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the $ \geq $1b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-e:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the 0b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-f:
Postfit distribution of $ S_\mathrm{T}^\text{MET} $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the $ \geq $1b category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the total vector LQ signal (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ (top), $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (center), and $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ (bottom) channels in the 400 $ < m_{\text{vis}} < $ 600 GeV (left) and $ m_{\text{vis}} > $ 600 GeV (right) categories are shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. In each distribution, the lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-a:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ channel in the 400 $ < m_{\text{vis}} < $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-b:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \mathrm{e}\mu $ channel in the $ m_{\text{vis}} > $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-c:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the 400 $ < m_{\text{vis}} < $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-d:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \ell\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the $ m_{\text{vis}} > $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-e:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the 400 $ < m_{\text{vis}} < $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 4-f:
Postfit distributions of $ \chi $ for the combined 2016-2018 data set after a simultaneous fit of the background and vector LQ signal to the data. The last bin includes the overflow. The $ \tau_\mathrm{h}\tau_\mathrm{h} $ channel in the $ m_{\text{vis}} > $ 600 GeV category is shown. The fitted signal distribution for the nonresonant vector LQ model (red line) with a mass of 2000 GeV, $ \lambda = $ 2.5, and $ \kappa= $ 1 is overlaid. The contribution from resonant LQ production is neglected. The lower panel shows the ratio of the data (black markers) or the sum of the postfit signal and background (red line) to the postfit background. The hatched band indicates the total postfit uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 5:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a scalar LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 1 (left) and 2.5 (right) at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-a:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a scalar LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 1 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-b:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a scalar LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 2.5 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 6:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a vector LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 1 (left) and 2.5 (right) at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The upper (lower) row assumes a coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 1 (0). The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section calculated at LO with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 6-a:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a vector LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 1 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. A coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 1 is assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section calculated at LO with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 6-b:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a vector LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 2.5 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. A coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 1 is assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section calculated at LO with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 6-c:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a vector LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 1 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. A coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 0 is assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section calculated at LO with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 6-d:
Observed and expected upper limit on the total cross section of a vector LQ signal with $ \lambda= $ 2.5 at the 95% CL under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. A coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 0 is assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The red line shows the cross section calculated at LO with the shaded band indicating the theoretical uncertainties. |
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Figure 7:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a scalar LQ under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The limits derived for the single (green), pair (red), nonresonant (orange), and total LQ production (black) are shown. The shaded bands around the expected limit lines correspond to the regions containing 68% of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the combined observed limit. |
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Figure 8:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a vector LQ model with $ \kappa= $ 0 (left) and $ \kappa= $ 1 (right) under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The limits derived for the single (green), pair (red), nonresonant (orange), and total LQ production (black) are shown. The shaded bands around the expected limit lines correspond to the regions containing 68% of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the combined observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
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Figure 8-a:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a vector LQ model with $ \kappa= $ 0 under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The limits derived for the single (green), pair (red), nonresonant (orange), and total LQ production (black) are shown. The shaded bands around the expected limit lines correspond to the regions containing 68% of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the combined observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
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Figure 8-b:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a vector LQ model with $ \kappa= $ 1 under the assumption of exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons. The limits derived for the single (green), pair (red), nonresonant (orange), and total LQ production (black) are shown. The shaded bands around the expected limit lines correspond to the regions containing 68% of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the combined observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
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Figure 9:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a scalar (left) and vector LQ model (right) determined by considering only the nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons through $ t $-channel LQ exchange. Exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons are assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
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Figure 9-a:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a scalar LQ model determined by considering only the nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons through $ t $-channel LQ exchange. Exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons are assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
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Figure 9-b:
Observed and expected upper limit at the 95% CL on the coupling strength $ \lambda $ of a vector LQ model determined by considering only the nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons through $ t $-channel LQ exchange. Exclusive LQ couplings to b quarks and $ \tau $ leptons are assumed. The inner (green) band and the outer (yellow) band indicate the regions containing 68 and 95%, respectively, of the distribution of limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. The hatches indicate the excluded side of the parameter space with respect to the observed limit. The region with blue shading shows the parameter space preferred by one of the models proposed to explain the B physics anomalies [61]. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
The sources of uncertainty considered, categorized as to whether they affect the rate or shape of the distributions. ``s.d.'' refers to the standard deviation of the input variable and ``(mis)ID'' stands for ``(mis)identification''. |
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Table 2:
Best-fit LQ cross sections $ \sigma_\text{fit} $ for various masses and coupling strengths $ \lambda $, and the corresponding local significance $ z $ (given in standard deviations) for different production modes individually, as well as their combination. The look-elsewhere effect is negligible. |
| Summary |
| A search has been presented for a third-generation leptoquark (LQ) decaying to a $ \tau $ lepton and a b quark. Events with $ \tau $ leptons and a varying number of jets originating from b quarks are considered, targeting the single and pair production of the LQs, as well as the nonresonant production of two $ \tau $ leptons through $ t $-channel LQ exchange. The search uses proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. Upper limits are set on third-generation scalar and vector LQ production cross sections as a function of LQ mass, and results are compared with theoretical predictions to obtain lower limits on the LQ mass. At 95% confidence level, third-generation LQs decaying to a $ \tau $ lepton and a b quark with unit coupling ($ \lambda= $ 1) are excluded for masses below 1.22 TeV for a scalar model, and below 1.50 (1.82) TeV for a vector model with a coupling parameter $ \kappa= $ 0 (1). For $ \lambda= $ 2.5 the lower limits are 1.31 TeV for a scalar model, and 1.73 (1.88) TeV for a vector model with $ \kappa= $ 0 (1). The study of nonresonant $ \tau\tau $ production through $ t $-channel LQ exchange allows lower limits on the LQ mass of up to 2.3 TeV to be obtained. Upper limits are also set on the coupling strengths of scalar and vector LQs as functions of their mass. The observed data are found to agree with the standard model expectation within 2 standard deviations below a coupling strength of $ \lambda= $ 1.5. For a benchmark LQ model with a mass of 2 TeV and a coupling strength of 2.5, the data show an excess with a local significance of 2.8 standard deviations above the standard model expectation. Consequently, the observed upper limits on the LQ production cross section are about three times larger than expected for this benchmark. The present excess is driven by events with at least one highly energetic jet but no b-tagged jets, indicating the need for future similar analyses to consider alternative signal models. |
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